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What is D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium?

Glucosamine, an amino derivative of the simple sugar, glucose, is an important constituent of many natural polysaccharides just like other amino sugars. Glucosamine sulfate is a naturally-occurring chemical found both in shellfish and in our body particularly in the fluid that surrounds our joints and in the connective tissues. Glucosamine sulfate is an amino acid polymer that combines with sodium or potassium and with sulfate (SO4). It is a very useful dietary supplement for nourishing the joints, because it is involved in the production of cartilage and synovial fluid and helps replenish depleted or damaged tissues of the body. Glucosamine sulphate is the most preferred form of glucosamine and is widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and other acute and chronic forms of rheumatic and arthritic diseases. It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may protect against atherosclerosis. There is no evidence that those who are sensitive to sulfites or sulfa drugs are at any risk sensitive to glucosamine sulfate so this commonly used supplement can be used without worry. Glucosamine sulfate found in dietary supplements is often harvested from the shells of shellfish although it can also be manufactured in the laboratory.

Glucosamine is an integral building block required by the body to synthesize and produce specialized molecules called glycosaminoglycans. Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide derived from chitin, and glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate. Glucosamine plays an important role as an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of proteoglycans, which functions as the main building blocks of connective tissue and cartilage. Glucosamine is available in different forms, so far four main sources of glucosamine are reported namely glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine hydroiodide, glucosamine sulphate and N-acetyl glucosamine. The glucosamine is preferred in a salt form to improve its delivery and uptake by the user. The use of the non-salt analogs of glucosamine is not known to provide bioavailable glucosamine because the compound is not readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Glucosamine hydrochloride may be derived by hydrolysis and deacetylation of chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine or by the hydrolysis of chitosan with hydrochloric acid. Glucosamine is often taken with chondroitin, another supplement effective in treating arthritis. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are both basic constituents of articular cartilage. These substances are often taken together with manganese as well, a trace metal that is also needed for building cartilage.

Glucosamine, manufactured in a laboratory from chitin, a substance found in the shells of shrimp, crab, lobster, and other sea creatures is sold in health food stores and many drug stores as a nutritional supplement. Aside from being a nutritional supplement, glucosamine is also used as ingredient in sports drinks and in cosmetics. Glucosamine is often combined with chondroitin sulfate, a molecule naturally present in bone cartilage. Chondroitin gives cartilage its natural elasticity and is believed to prevent damage caused by enzymes. Glucosamine is sometimes combined with methylsulfonylmethane in nutritional supplements. Glucosamine also helps the cartilage in creating the building blocks of proteoglycans and collagen. Proteoglycans are structures that resemble a bottle-cleaning brush that is filled with collagen. It is the combination of proteoglycans and collagen that gives the cartilage strength and flexibility. Glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) has been widely available as a dietary supplement for years, but only one trial has evaluated this form of glucosamine as a single remedy for osteoarthritis. This trial found only minor significant benefits from 1,500 mg per day of GH for eight weeks, in people with osteoarthritis of the knee who were also taking up to 4,000 mg per day of acetaminophen.

What is D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium used for and who uses it?

Glucosamine sulfate is a naturally made amino sugar molecule in the body, owing to the fact that it is made from sugar (glucose) and the amino acid glutamine. Glucosamine sulfate is an amino sugar used to create cushioning fluids and tissues around joints. Amino sugars are usually found as monomer residues in complex oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Unlike other sugars, amino sugars are not converted into energy; instead, they are used to form the glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid that line the joints. Glucosamine is the precursor of chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that forms the tough, fibrous tissues of cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate as well as chondroitin sulfate have both been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies to help improve symptoms of osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by a depletion of cartilage at the joints. Many supplements branded as a treatment for joint pain or chronic back pain have both glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as the main active ingredients. Since glucosamine sulfate is a smaller molecule compared to chondroitin sulfate it is more easily absorbed, making it more effective for treatment of pain due to osteoarthritis. However, many studies have shown that chondroitin works synergistically with glucosamine and actually increases its effectiveness. Glucosamine sulfate has been proven to relieve pain caused by osteoarthritis of the knee, hip and spine, although it does not offer pain relief to everyone who takes it especially those who are older, has weight problems, or those with more severe, prolonged osteoarthritis. In addition to relieving pain, glucosamine sulfate, when taken on a regular basis, further delays damage to joints of osteoarthritic patients. Over the years, people have tried glucosamine sulfate to control arthritic pain, to treat glaucoma and to aid in weight loss.

Glucosamine is typically used to alleviate the pain and symptoms resulting from osteoarthritis and other joint disorders. Glucosamine helps repair and treat damaged arthritic joints, reduces pain, and replenishes synovial fluids. It is easily absorbed into the bloodstream, and is important in the formation and development of skin, eyes, bones, tendons, nails, ligaments, and parts of the heart. It is beneficial in relieving pain in both acute and chronic forms of rheumatic and arthritic diseases, as well as in treating inflamed discs, sciatica, and many forms of arthritis. The most common form of arthritis is Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis is a disease featuring pain and impaired function of the joints. While inflammation contributes to the process of having this condition, the primary cause is "wear and tear" to the joint lining or the synovium.

Glucosamine supplies the primary substrate for both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis. Glucosamine triggers the synthesis and production of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, two crucial building blocks of cartilage. The polysaccharide groups in proteoglycans are known as glycosaminoglycans or GAGs. GAGs include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate. All of the GAGs contain abundant derivatives of glucosamine or galactosamine. Glucosamine also triggers the integration of sulfur into cartilage, which is necessary for making and repairing cartilage. Because it helps to strengthen the cartilage around joints, glucosamine may significantly speed up and improve the healing of acute joint injuries, such as sprained ankles or fingers.

Glucosamine has chondroprotective properties which, on top of alleviating symptoms, appear to aid in balancing synthesis and degradation of cartilage tissue. This comes from its physiologic role in the production of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, which are cartilage components. Because Glucosamine is effective in minimizing the symptoms associated joint dysfunction and is well-tolerated, it significantly improves mobility by reducing pain and tenderness and. Glucosamine may also have other beneficial effects owing to its antiviral, anti-cancer, anti-aging, immune boosting or cholesterol lowering activity. It is needed in the production of mucous as a protective coating in the urinary, digestive, and respiratory tracts, and it is also important for healthy skin. Sufficient levels of Glucosamine in the blood are necessary for the production of hyaluronic acid, one of the substances essential to heal skin injuries. When used in conjunction with ascorbic acid, tyrosine or phenylalanine, and calcium, Glucosamine has been shown to speed up and hasten wound healing.

How pure is your D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium?

This food grade D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium nutritional supplement (commonly referred to as Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium), is assayed by the manufacturer to be 99.48% pure bulk powder. You will receive a sealed and labeled heavy-duty 4 mil polyethylene bag of this manufactured pure bulk white powder product. It contains no fillers, taste additives, or anti-caking agents. The remaining 0.52% by weight are inactive byproducts of the extraction. Pure Glucosamine Sulfate is very hygroscopic and degrades rapidly (goes from white to off-white to tan to brown) when exposed to moisture. To avoid this problem, Glucosamine sulfate is being prepared from glucosamine HCl by adding either sodium or potassium sulfate and co-crystallizing the resulting mixture.

Glucosamine supplementation can help reduce and in some cases eliminate dependency on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Overuse of NSAIDs have been known to cause stomach upset, and is also linked to liver and kidney failure. Research indicates that glucosamine is a safe, effective nonprescription alternative to these medications. Studies have shown that glucosamine works as well as NSAIDs ibuprofen and piroxicam (Feldene), although it most cases it takes longer before one can start noticing any benefit.

What are some of the common effects of D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium?

Glucosamine is one of the raw materials used to form new cartilage in the body. It is needed to form the glycosaminoglycans and synovial fluid that help keep the joints cushioned and well lubricated. Glucosamine serves as a “cushion” that surrounds the joints which eventually becomes thin and stiff with osteoarthritis. Taking D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium as a supplement might help to supply the materials needed to rebuild the cushion. Glucosamine has been proven in several clinical studies to help ease symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and bursitis, as well as other disorders associated with a breakdown of the cartilage regenerative process.

What is the recommended daily dosage of D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium?

The standard recommended dosage for D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium is 1000 mg or 1 gram two to three times daily for adults. This is equivalent to 1/4 rounded teaspoon (approximately 1000 milligrams), taken two or three times per day, preferably with meals, or as directed by your physician or health practitioner. Dosage beyond this recommended amount of 1000 mg or 1/4 tsp. 2 to 3 times a day may be dangerous to the body. You can see the full bulk density/volumetric conversion chart for D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium here. Obese people may need to take higher dosages based on their weight. Glucosamine is typically ingested as capsules and usually combined with chondroitin, manganese, vitamin C, or other dietary supplements. Healthy people do not need to routinely supplement with glucosamine. People with peptic ulcers should take glucosamine sulfate with food.

As always, if you have concerns or questions, consult a physician or a health care professional before taking any supplements. Before taking any kind of medicine, check with your doctor to ensure that the supplement you want to take is right for you. You may be allergic or you may have a sensitive stomach which may raise the need for special instruction as far as dosage goes.

Difference between the other Glucosamine salts

There have been discussions over which of the two glucosamine salts, hydrochloride or sulfate, is preferred for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The answer is pretty straightforward - both salts, in the pure form, deliver equally effective amounts of glucosamine to joint cartilages and if there is a preference, it is usually based on relative purity and economics.

Historically, sulfate was used in an earlier European clinical study made available for that purpose by an Italian pharmaceutical company that had business interest on the sulfate and therefore had the advantage to supply the sulfate and not the hydrochloride.

The original researchers, however, clearly attributed the observed benefits to osteoarthritis to glucosamine not to sulfate. When ingested, glucosamine sulfate is fully ionized in the stomach by the relatively strong concentration of hydrochloric acid (pH 1 - 3) . As a result, glucosamine ions and sulfate ions are mixed with an overwhelming number of chloride and hydrogen ions from the hydrochloric acid. If you could stop at this point and recover the glucosamine salt, you would get 99+% glucosamine hydrochloride as the sulfate is essentially lost due to its very low concentration relative to the extremely large amount of hydrochloric acid present.

Precautions and Potential side effects of D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium?

Glucosamine sulfate is not known to cause allergic reactions; neither does glucosamine nor sulfate as separate compounds. Glucosamine sulfate can cause mild side effects including nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, and constipation. Uncommon side effects which rarely happens are drowsiness, skin reactions, and headache. Pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers should not take glucosamine sulfate because it might be harmful to their baby. People with asthma should be cautious about taking products containing glucosamine. For diabetics, previous research suggests that glucosamine sulfate might further increase their blood sugar level. However, more recent studies indicate that glucosamine sulfate does not seem to affect the blood sugar level in people with type 2 diabetes. Just the same, the sugar level should be closely monitored as always for diabetics using this product.

The information at Purebulk.com is NOT a substitute for medical advice. ALWAYS consult your doctor or pharmacist. Do not use any dietary supplement as a replacement for conventional care, or as a reason to postpone seeing a doctor about a medical problem. Tell all your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care.

Taste, solubility, and suggested preparation of D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium

D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium is an odorless, white crystalline powder with a mild, sweet taste. It is freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol and insoluble in ethanol. This product dissolves or suspends quickly in water and has a mild somewhat salty taste when mixed with water or juice. Just mix your usual dose with water or juice or with your favorite drink. Sulfate dissolves (ionize) completely in the stomach's hydrochloric acid which makes all of the glucosamine present, regardless of the source, readily available for absorption in the small intestine. Once absorbed into the blood stream, the glucosamine, independent of the original salt, is equally available to the body.

D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium is used in the following proprietary formulas.

JointBuilder Glucosamine Sulfate Arthritis Treatment, Nature's Way Glucosamine Sulfate, Flexicose, Higher Power's Glucosamine Sulfate, Deva Nutrition Vegan Glucosamine, Enzymatic Therapy GS-1500, Higher Power Glucosamine Sulfate, MRM Glucosamine Sulfate, MRM Glucosamine Sulfate, NOW Glucosamine 1000, NOW Glucosamine Sulfate, Schiff Glucosamine 2000, Solaray Glucosamine Sulfate, TSN Labs Glucosamine Sulfate, Ultimate Nutrition Glucosamine Sulfate

References and Further Research on D-Glucosamine-Sulfate-Potassium

Glucosamine administration in athletes: effects on recovery of acute knee injury
The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of glucosamine administration on the functional ability and the degree of pain intensity in competitive male athletes after acute knee injury. This study was a randomized, double-blind parallel trial of glucosamine (1500 mg per day) or a placebo for 28 days, utilising 106 patients with an acute knee injury. No significant difference was found between the glucosamine, and placebo group in mean pain intensity scores for resting and walking, and degree of knee swelling. There was no significant difference between passive knee flexibility. After 28 days of treatment the patients from the glucosamine group demonstrated significant improvement in knee flexion and extension as compared with the placebo group.

Efficacy of glucosamine sulfate treatment in patients with osteoarthritis
Glucosamine sulfate, which is precursor of glucosamineglycans synthesis, plays a special role among known disease modifying drugs. To assess the efficacy of treatment of osteoarthritis patients with glucosamine sulfate (Artreum joint formula). 50 patients with OA of the knees (38 pts) or hips (12 pts) entered into study (41 women, 9 men, aged 50-83 yr.). 47 patients completed the study (39 women, 9 men). All patients have been treated with 500 mg of joint formula three times daily for 12 weeks. In this study we found that glucosamine joint formula treatment causes significant improvement in functional status and pain.

The Effect of Glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of oral glucosamine supplementation on the functional ability and degree of pain felt by individuals who had regular knee pain, most likely due to previous articular cartilage damage, and possibly osteoarthritis. These results suggest that glucosamine supplementation can provide some degree of pain relief and improved function in persons who experience regular knee pain, which may be caused by prior cartilage injury and/or osteoarthritis. The trends in the results also suggest that, at a dosage of 2,000 mg per day, the majority of improvements are present after eight weeks.

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